{
  "id": "pt-91-twardy",
  "name": "PT-91 Twardy",
  "aliases": [],
  "domain": "land",
  "country": "POL",
  "category": "Main battle tank",
  "status": null,
  "fielded": 1992,
  "operators": [
    "POL",
    "UKR"
  ],
  "prolif_count": 2,
  "summary": "The PT-91 Twardy (hard) is an improved variant of the Soviet T-72 main battle tank. The PT-91 was developed in Poland in the early 1990s.",
  "specs": [
    {
      "k": "crew",
      "v": 3,
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "width_m",
      "v": 3.59,
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "height_m",
      "v": 2.19,
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "combat_weight_t",
      "v": 45.3,
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "engine_name",
      "v": "S-12U",
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "engine_hp",
      "v": 850,
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "road_range_km",
      "v": 480,
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "speed_road_kmh",
      "v": 60,
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "speed_xc_kmh",
      "v": 45,
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "",
      "label": "Fording depth",
      "section": "mobility",
      "v": "1.2 m",
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "",
      "label": "Fording (with Preparation)",
      "section": "mobility",
      "v": "5 m",
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "",
      "label": "Suspension",
      "section": "mobility",
      "v": "Torsion bar",
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "",
      "label": "Rate of fire (max)",
      "section": "armament",
      "v": "8 rds/min",
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "",
      "label": "Minimum elevation",
      "section": "armament",
      "v": "-6 deg",
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "",
      "label": "Maximum elevation",
      "section": "armament",
      "v": "+14 deg",
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "",
      "label": "Fire control system",
      "section": "firecontrol",
      "v": "A new fire-control system is fitted; The dual-axis stabilized fire-control system and electro-hydraulic gun stabilization enables the PT-91 to detect, identify, acquire and track targets even in challenging weather conditions.",
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "",
      "label": "Computerized FCS",
      "section": "firecontrol",
      "v": "Yes",
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "",
      "label": "Thermal Sight Tank Commander",
      "section": "firecontrol",
      "v": "Yes, Type INA",
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "",
      "label": "Thermal Sight Gunner",
      "section": "firecontrol",
      "v": "1K13-49",
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "",
      "label": "Main Gun Stabilization",
      "section": "firecontrol",
      "v": "Slovak TPDK-1 stabilization system",
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "",
      "label": "Range, Thermal Sight",
      "section": "firecontrol",
      "v": "1,000 m",
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "",
      "label": "Laser Rangefinder",
      "section": "firecontrol",
      "v": "Yes",
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "",
      "label": "Hull Armor",
      "section": "protection",
      "v": "Steel and composite armour with ERA, equivalent to 500-600 mm of Rolled Homogenous Armor (RHA)",
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "",
      "label": "Turret Armor",
      "section": "protection",
      "v": "Steel and composite armour with ERA, equivalent to 500-600 mm of Rolled Homogenous Armor (RHA)",
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "",
      "label": "Applique Armor",
      "section": "protection",
      "v": "Available, Turret top and track skirts",
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "",
      "label": "Explosive reactive armor",
      "section": "protection",
      "v": "Yes, Kontakt-5",
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "",
      "label": "Active Protection System",
      "section": "protection",
      "v": "Yes, Arena available",
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "",
      "label": "NBC Protection",
      "section": "protection",
      "v": "Yes",
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "",
      "label": "Smoke Equipment",
      "section": "protection",
      "v": "Yes, Grenade launcher 8x; VESS",
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "main_armament",
      "v": "2A46M/2A46M-5",
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "armament",
      "label": "Secondary armament",
      "v": "7.62mm PK (Kalashnikov's Machine Gun); Type 54 DShK Anti-Aircraft Machine Gun",
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium"
    },
    {
      "k": "range_max_km",
      "v": 5,
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium",
      "label": "Maximum firing range",
      "note": "Longest-range ammunition listed"
    }
  ],
  "payloads": [
    {
      "name": "Smoothbore 125mm Projectile",
      "role": "125 mm ammunition",
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium",
      "caps": {
        "Muzzle velocity": "2,050 m/s",
        "Armor penetration": "1,000 mm",
        "Projectile weight": "11 kg"
      },
      "qty": "42 Total Rounds of any 125mm Russian Projectiles"
    },
    {
      "name": "High Explosives (HE)",
      "role": "125 mm ammunition",
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium",
      "caps": {
        "Muzzle velocity": "850 m/s",
        "Projectile weight": "23 kg"
      },
      "range_km": 5,
      "qty": "42 Total Rounds of any 125mm Russian Projectiles"
    },
    {
      "name": "High-Explosive Anti-Tank (HEAT)",
      "role": "125 mm ammunition",
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ],
      "conf": "medium",
      "caps": {
        "Muzzle velocity": "915 m/s",
        "Projectile weight": "18.4 kg",
        "Armor penetration": "Estimated at 800 mm triple charge HEAT"
      },
      "range_km": 3,
      "qty": "42 Total Rounds of any 125mm Russian Projectiles"
    }
  ],
  "variants": [
    {
      "name": "PT-91 Twardy",
      "text": "Production variant for Polish Army, extensively modernized development of T-72M1.",
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "PT-91A Twardy",
      "text": "Development variant with PZL-Wola S-1000 1,000 hp engine with mechanic transmission and number of other minor changes. Used for trials and as a demonstrator on military exhibitions.",
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "PT-91Z Hardy",
      "text": "(Z for Zmodernizowany – literally Modernized) Further development with SAGEM Savan-15 fire control system; according to live fire tests Savan-15 has an only minor advantage in accuracy over Drawa.",
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "PT-91M Pendekar",
      "text": "(M for Malaysia) — production export variant for Malaysia with Sagem Savan-15 fire control system, a new 1,000 hp powerpack with Renk automatic transmission bringing its top speed to 70 km/h. Its main gun have been chang",
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "PT-91E/Ex",
      "text": "(E for Export) – renamed prototypes of PT-91M used as demonstrators of the export variant shown at military exhibitions. PT-91E is a first prototype initially named SP1 (it is the same vehicle as was shown on military pa",
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "PT-91P",
      "text": "(P for Peru) – Demonstrator for SITDEF Peru'2009 military exhibition. A cheaper alternative to PT-91Ex. This variant is equipped with newest PCO Drawa-TG fire control system with a thermal sight and modern communication ",
      "src": [
        "weg-pt-91-twardy"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "art": "tank",
  "image": null,
  "verified": null,
  "changelog": [
    {
      "date": "2026-10-10",
      "change": "Entry created from the Worldwide Equipment Guide (ODIN), bulk import"
    }
  ],
  "url": "https://www.defensepedia.com/systems/pt-91-twardy.html",
  "sources": {
    "weg-pt-91-twardy": {
      "title": "PT-91 Twardy Polish Main Battle Tank (MBT)",
      "publisher": "U.S. Army TRADOC G-2 Worldwide Equipment Guide (ODIN)",
      "url": "https://odin.t2com.army.mil/WEG/Asset/PT-91_Twardy_Polish_Main_Battle_Tank",
      "published": "2026-03-20",
      "tier": 1,
      "checked": "2026-10-10"
    }
  }
}