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Land ForcesPoland

PT-91 Twardy

Main battle tankFielded 1992Pending verification
Land ForcesPOL
Identification silhouette. Not drawn to scale between entries.
Fact cardConfidence · Source
System
TypeMain battle tank
Date of introduction1992
ProliferationAt least 2 countries
Crew3Med[1]
Dimensions and weight
Width3.59 m12 ftMed[1]
Height2.19 m7 ftMed[1]
Combat weight45.3 tMed[1]
Automotive performance
EngineS-12UMed[1]
Engine power850 hpMed[1]
Cruising range480 km298 mi · 259 nmiMed[1]
Max road speed60 km/h37 mph · 32 ktMed[1]
Cross-country speed45 km/h28 mph · 24 ktMed[1]
Fording depth1.2 mMed[1]
Fording (with Preparation)5 mMed[1]
SuspensionTorsion barMed[1]
Protection
Hull ArmorSteel and composite armour with ERA, equivalent to 500-600 mm of Rolled Homogenous Armor (RHA)Med[1]
Turret ArmorSteel and composite armour with ERA, equivalent to 500-600 mm of Rolled Homogenous Armor (RHA)Med[1]
Applique ArmorAvailable, Turret top and track skirtsMed[1]
Explosive reactive armorYes, Kontakt-5Med[1]
Active Protection SystemYes, Arena availableMed[1]
NBC ProtectionYesMed[1]
Smoke EquipmentYes, Grenade launcher 8x; VESSMed[1]
Armament
Rate of fire (max)8 rds/minMed[1]
Minimum elevation-6 degMed[1]
Maximum elevation+14 degMed[1]
Main armament2A46M/2A46M-5Med[1]
Secondary armament7.62mm PK (Kalashnikov's Machine Gun); Type 54 DShK Anti-Aircraft Machine GunMed[1]
Maximum firing range5 km3 mi · 3 nmiLongest-range ammunition listedMed[1]
Fire control
Fire control systemA new fire-control system is fitted; The dual-axis stabilized fire-control system and electro-hydraulic gun stabilization enables the PT-91 to detect, identify, acquire and track targets even in challenging weather conditions.Med[1]
Computerized FCSYesMed[1]
Thermal Sight Tank CommanderYes, Type INAMed[1]
Thermal Sight Gunner1K13-49Med[1]
Main Gun StabilizationSlovak TPDK-1 stabilization systemMed[1]
Range, Thermal Sight1,000 mMed[1]
Laser RangefinderYesMed[1]
Variants
PT-91 TwardyProduction variant for Polish Army, extensively modernized development of T-72M1.[1]
PT-91A TwardyDevelopment variant with PZL-Wola S-1000 1,000 hp engine with mechanic transmission and number of other minor changes. Used for trials and as a demonstrator on military exhibitions.[1]
PT-91Z Hardy(Z for Zmodernizowany – literally Modernized) Further development with SAGEM Savan-15 fire control system; according to live fire tests Savan-15 has an only minor advantage in accuracy over Drawa.[1]
PT-91M Pendekar(M for Malaysia) — production export variant for Malaysia with Sagem Savan-15 fire control system, a new 1,000 hp powerpack with Renk automatic transmission bringing its top speed to 70 km/h. Its main gun have been chang[1]
PT-91E/Ex(E for Export) – renamed prototypes of PT-91M used as demonstrators of the export variant shown at military exhibitions. PT-91E is a first prototype initially named SP1 (it is the same vehicle as was shown on military pa[1]
PT-91P(P for Peru) – Demonstrator for SITDEF Peru'2009 military exhibition. A cheaper alternative to PT-91Ex. This variant is equipped with newest PCO Drawa-TG fire control system with a thermal sight and modern communication [1]
Weapons and payload options · 3Confidence · Source
Smoothbore 125mm Projectile125 mm ammunition
Med[1]
Quantity
42 Total Rounds of any 125mm Russian Projectiles
Muzzle velocity
2,050 m/s
Armor penetration
1,000 mm
Projectile weight
11 kg
High Explosives (HE)125 mm ammunition
Med[1]
Range
5 km3 mi · 3 nmi
Quantity
42 Total Rounds of any 125mm Russian Projectiles
Muzzle velocity
850 m/s
Projectile weight
23 kg
High-Explosive Anti-Tank (HEAT)125 mm ammunition
Med[1]
Range
3 km2 mi · 2 nmi
Quantity
42 Total Rounds of any 125mm Russian Projectiles
Muzzle velocity
915 m/s
Projectile weight
18.4 kg
Armor penetration
Estimated at 800 mm triple charge HEAT
Summary

The PT-91 Twardy (hard) is an improved variant of the Soviet T-72 main battle tank. The PT-91 was developed in Poland in the early 1990s.

Draft entry. Values come from the cited public sources and are awaiting editor verification.
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Operators
PolandUkraine
Sources
  1. PT-91 Twardy Polish Main Battle Tank (MBT), U.S. Army TRADOC G-2 Worldwide Equipment Guide (ODIN)
    Published/updated 2026-03-20 · Tier 1 · checked 2026-10-10
Change log
  • 2026-10-10 Entry created from the Worldwide Equipment Guide (ODIN), bulk import